Downtown Marshfield. Jeff the quiet (CC-BY-SA)
The cities of Marshfield and Adams have joined a growing list of communities that have shut down municipal wells due to concerning levels of PFAS in their drinking water.
The two central Wisconsin cities are among three public water supplies that recently detected the so-called "forever chemicals" at rates concerning to state health officials.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources said Thursday that sampling found three systems had exceeded the state’s health hazard index or groundwater standard of 20 parts per trillion recommended by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services.
The DNR declined to name the third system Thursday until customers had been notified of sampling results received this week.
Adams received its results May 4 and shut down one of its two wells that had levels above the hazard index, which measures health risks related to a mix of PFAS chemicals in water. Marshfield shut down four of 15 wells after receiving results Tuesday.
"For Marshfield, they had levels at 24 parts per trillion," Steve Elmore, director of the DNR’s Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, said.
On Thursday, Marshfield Utilities stressed the risk to public health is low. The city’s utility said people and businesses can continue to use municipal water.
"Marshfield Utilities is not in violation of any drinking water standards or regulations and has proactively taken actions to protect the health of its customers," the city’s utility stated in a release announcing the findings.
The city plans to examine treatment to remove PFAS from its drinking water or drill new wells to maintain service. Marshfield serves more than 18,000 customers while Adams provides drinking water to around 2,600 people in the city and the nearby village of Friendship.
Foam is seen at Olbrich Park in Madison, Wis., where PFAS-tainted Starkweather Creek enters Lake Monona. Public Health Madison and Dane County has warned residents not to swallow the foam — or allow their pets to do so. Isaac Wasserman/Wisconsin Watch
Foam is seen at Olbrich Park in Madison, Wis., where PFAS-tainted Starkweather Creek enters Lake Monona. Public Health Madison and Dane County has warned residents not to swallow the foam — or allow their pets to do so. Isaac Wasserman/Wisconsin Watch
The latest results stem from testing conducted as part of the agency’s voluntary sampling project for PFAS in municipal water systems that began last month. Gov. Tony Evers announced in February that more than $600,000 from the Environmental Protection Agency would fund sampling costs for communities interested in testing their water supplies for PFAS.
PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, represent thousands of synthetic chemicals that are found in firefighting foam and everyday products like stain-resistant clothing and cookware. They’ve been linked to serious health issues that include kidney and testicular cancers, and the chemicals don’t break down easily in the environment.
During a meeting of its Drinking Water and Groundwater Study Group on Thursday, the DNR said 126 municipal systems have expressed interest in testing for PFAS. Of those, the agency has obtained results on 36 of 49 water supplies that have conducted sampling. Traces of the chemicals were found in 11 systems while 25 systems showed no trace of PFAS. Of those 11 systems, only three — Marshfield, Adams and the unnamed community — had levels of concern.
"We are working individually with systems that have been impacted, and (we're) working with those systems on follow-up actions and communication plans," Kyle Burton, the DNR’s field operations director, said.
The number of systems that have tested for PFAS so far make up a small fraction of Wisconsin’s more than 11,000 public water supplies.
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Elmore said the DNR plans to continue using health officials’ recommended groundwater standard to notify the public of any health risks. Although, the agency acknowledged it can’t require systems to take steps to limit exposure at levels below the proposed drinking water standard of 70 parts per trillion that was approved by the Wisconsin Natural Resources Board in February.
When asked during the meeting Thursday about adjusting its recommendations, Sarah Yang, a DHS groundwater toxicologist, said state health officials don’t plan to change it.
"Those are the levels that we at the state believe, above which, could pose a health hazard to people," Yang said.
The agency will continue sampling under the project through September, and municipal drinking water systems that are interested in testing can still take part by emailing the DNR.
The DNR also shared Thursday that it’s partnering with the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Center for Watershed Science on a new project to sample groundwater for the chemicals.
"We're looking to sample 450 private wells distributed evenly across the state to get more information," Burton said.
Dale Wetterling empties a bag of ice into a box before placing it in the freezer Tuesday, June 1, 2021, at his home in French Island, Wis. He and his wife, Mary, use ice from Kwik Trip due to PFAS contamination in their water. Angela Major/WPR
Dale Wetterling empties a bag of ice into a box before placing it in the freezer Tuesday, June 1, 2021, at his home in French Island, Wis. He and his wife, Mary, use ice from Kwik Trip due to PFAS contamination in their water. Angela Major/WPR
"Two-thirds of the population in Wisconsin get their drinking water from groundwater, and there's a lot of areas of the state where we don't know the levels of PFAS in groundwater," Elmore said. "The groundwater project is really focused on getting a statewide distribution. We're attempting to get a sample in every township across the state."
Elmore said they’re focusing on wells that draw from shallow groundwater. The agency hopes to determine where PFAS are coming from and whether consumer products in people’s households may play a role. The DNR hopes to wrap up sampling and analysis by the end of September.
In February, the Wisconsin Natural Resources Board failed to set groundwater standards for the chemicals. Even so, it approved surface water and drinking water standards for two of the most common PFAS chemicals: PFOA and PFOS. The drinking water threshold mirrors the EPA’s health advisory level of 70 parts per trillion for the chemicals.
Wisconsin state Capitol. Phil Roeder (CC BY)
Wisconsin state Capitol. Phil Roeder (CC BY)
Sen. Steve Nass, R-Whitewater, co-chairs the committee. Nass spokesperson Mike Mikalsen said in an email Thursday that staff of the co-chair’s offices plan to meet with DNR staff to seek clarification on the two proposed rules limiting PFAS in surface water and drinking water.
"Those clarification discussions would relate to confirming that the two clearinghouse rules comply with provisions of Wisconsin’s Administrative Rules Law (Chapter 227 of the Wisconsin Statutes) and other authorizing statutes," Mikalsen wrote.
If the Legislature approves the regulations, the new standards could be published in July. That means the largest public water supplies in Wisconsin could be required to conduct PFAS sampling as early as November.
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